On the Size and Flight Diversity of Giant Pterosaurs, the Use of
Por um escritor misterioso
Last updated 20 setembro 2024
The size and flight mechanics of giant pterosaurs have received considerable research interest for the last century but are confused by conflicting interpretations of pterosaur biology and flight capabilities. Avian biomechanical parameters have often been applied to pterosaurs in such research but, due to considerable differences in avian and pterosaur anatomy, have lead to systematic errors interpreting pterosaur flight mechanics. Such assumptions have lead to assertions that giant pterosaurs were extremely lightweight to facilitate flight or, if more realistic masses are assumed, were flightless. Reappraisal of the proportions, scaling and morphology of giant pterosaur fossils suggests that bird and pterosaur wing structure, gross anatomy and launch kinematics are too different to be considered mechanically interchangeable. Conclusions assuming such interchangeability—including those indicating that giant pterosaurs were flightless—are found to be based on inaccurate and poorly supported assumptions of structural scaling and launch kinematics. Pterosaur bone strength and flap-gliding performance demonstrate that giant pterosaur anatomy was capable of generating sufficient lift and thrust for powered flight as well as resisting flight loading stresses. The retention of flight characteristics across giant pterosaur skeletons and their considerable robustness compared to similarly-massed terrestrial animals suggest that giant pterosaurs were not flightless. Moreover, the term ‘giant pterosaur’ includes at least two radically different forms with very distinct palaeoecological signatures and, accordingly, all but the most basic sweeping conclusions about giant pterosaur flight should be treated with caution. Reappraisal of giant pterosaur material also reveals that the size of the largest pterosaurs, previously suggested to have wingspans up to 13 m and masses up to 544 kg, have been overestimated. Scaling of fragmentary giant pterosaur remains have been misled by distorted fossils or used inappropriate scaling techniques, indicating that 10–11 m wingspans and masses of 200–250 kg are the most reliable upper estimates of known pterosaur size.
New discoveries are bringing the world of pterosaurs to life
The giant pterosaur Pteranodon. ( a ) Marsh's 1884 reconstruction of
Pterosaurs Were Monsters of the Mesozoic Skies
The Deadly Soaring Giants of the Cretaceous — STORAGE ROOM No. 2
Pterosaur of the Day: Pterodaustro
On the Size and Flight Diversity of Giant Pterosaurs, the Use of Birds as Pterosaur Analogues and Comments on Pterosaur Flightlessness
Powered flight in hatchling pterosaurs: evidence from wing form and bone strength
A rare small specimen discovered from the age of flying giants
Soaring styles of extinct giant birds and pterosaurs
Ikandraco! A new Pterosaur! Prehistoric animals, Dinosaur art, Prehistoric creatures
Quetzalcoatlus, Prehistoric Planet Wiki
Recomendado para você
-
Pterodactyl Watercolor Dinosaur Art Print Signed by Artist Dan - Israel20 setembro 2024
-
Quetzalcoatlus and Other Giant Pterosaurs were Short-Range Flyers20 setembro 2024
-
Pterosaurs at the Field Museum go on Display20 setembro 2024
-
Size reference chart of various pterosaurs from around the world20 setembro 2024
-
Crazy 8 Boy's Pterodactyl Dinosaur Shirt Size XS 420 setembro 2024
-
Unique Bone Structure Helped Long-Necked Pterosaurs Fly20 setembro 2024
-
DINO PTERODACTYL - ecrandal handmade copper cookie cutters20 setembro 2024
-
Pterosaur Size: Most Up-to-Date Encyclopedia, News & Reviews20 setembro 2024
-
Teensy Pterosaur Was the Size of a House Cat20 setembro 2024
-
Dinosaur Pterodactyl 10.5 Rubber Figure 2017 Toy Major Trading Co.20 setembro 2024
você pode gostar
-
Anime Dragon Ball Daima é anunciado para o outono de 202420 setembro 2024
-
Maquiagem e salão de beleza para meninas : jogo de Spa para a menina e as crianças !20 setembro 2024
-
LOUD é campeã da LBFF 202320 setembro 2024
-
DEMON SLAYER kimetsu no YAIBA 3 TEMPORADA EP 03 DATA DE LANÇAMENTO LEGENDADO EM PT-BR20 setembro 2024
-
BRAND NEW SEALED NEED FOR SPEED MOST WANTED 2005 PC ENGLISH RELEASE NFS ENG20 setembro 2024
-
Nacon anuncia 5 novos projetos, incluindo jogo de sobrevivência baseado no Exterminador do Futuro e mais - GameBlast20 setembro 2024
-
Popular Brands Wallpapers, HD Brands 4k 8k Backgrounds and Photos20 setembro 2024
-
Quiz Conhecimentos Gerais Com Respostas Consegue Acertar 6 PERGUNTAS?20 setembro 2024
-
Epic Games Store Introduces A 5% Back Reward Program On Purchases20 setembro 2024
-
SEGUNDA-FEIRA /// BLOQUINHO DA MALDADE20 setembro 2024